Miranda v. Arizona is the Supreme Court case where it was held that the custodial interrogation of an individual must be accompanied by an instruction that the person has the right to remain silent, any statements made can be used against the...
individual rights
mixed-motive instruction
Mixed-motive instructions are used by courts in many discrimination and improper retaliation cases. These instructions usually take the following form: "If the plaintiff shows that the defendant did something that hurt them, and the action...
natural person
A natural person is a living human being. Legal systems can attach rights and duties to natural persons without their express consent.
The concept of a natural person appears in business law and bankruptcy law, where it...
necessities
Necessities, or necessaries, are goods and services essential to a person’s life. Necessities may be more than bare necessities to survive depending on the individual’s circumstances, but generally include food, medicine, clothing, shelter,...
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association (NYSRPA) v. Bruen (2022)
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association (NYSRPA) v. Bruen is an influential Supreme Court case in the field of constitutional law regarding the interpretation of the Second Amendment. The holding in Bruen reaffirms the precedent set in...
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that First Amendment freedom of speech protections limit the ability of public officials to sue for defamation. The case emerged out of a dispute over a full-...
next friend
The next friend is an individual who appears in court in place of another who is not competent to do so, usually because they are a minor or are deemed incompetent. Often, the role is filled by a parent or other relative; it can be any...
no-knock warrant
A no-knock warrant is a search warrant authorizing police officers to enter certain premises without first knocking and announcing their presence or purpose prior to entering the premises. Such warrants are issued where an entry pursuant to...
nonresident
According to 26 USC § 865(g)(1) “The term ‘nonresident’ means any person other than a United States resident.” A nonresident is any individual who does not primarily reside in one state or one country, but has an interest in it. The status of...
notice
Notice is the constitutional requirement that a party being brought into court be informed of the controversy. Due Process clauses of the United States Constitution prohibit courts from hearing a case that could adversely affect a party's...