The state action requirement refers to the requirement that in order for a plaintiff to have standing to sue over a law being violated, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the government (local, state, or federal), was responsible for the violation,...
First Amendment
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Facts
In March 2010, Congress passed the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”). See Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 525 Fed. App’x. 415, 416 (6th Cir. 2013). Susan B. Anthony List (“SBA List”) is a pro-life nonprofit organization that opposes the ACA, claiming...
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Plaintiffs Muhammad Tanvir, Jameel Algibah, and Naveed Shinwari (“Tanvir”) are Muslim men born abroad but are now either a permanent resident or a citizen of the United States. Tanvir v. FNU Tanzin at 452.
In February 2007, two Federal Bureau...
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Prince George County, Maryland is the location of a World War I monument entitled the Peace Cross. Am. Humanist Ass'n v. Maryland-National Capital Park at 201, 208. Erected in 1925, the Peace Cross is placed in the middle of a public highway...
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In 1983, Ulysses Tory (Tory) and Javier Gutierrez (Gutierrez) retained Johnnie L. Cochran, Jr. (Cochran) as their attorney in a personal injury lawsuit against the City of Los Angeles. Cochran v. Tory, No. B159437, 2003 WL...
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Facts
Greece, New York (“the Town”) is a town of nearly 94,000 residents, located just outside the city of Rochester, in Monroe County. Galloway v. Town of Greece, 681 F.3d 20, 23 (2nd Cir. 2012). Town residents can attend and participate in monthly...
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Overview
Trademark law protects a trademark owner's exclusive right to use a trademark when use of the mark by another would be likely to cause consumer confusion as to the source or origin of goods. Trademark law is a federal issue, and as such, the...
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Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. (“Trinity Lutheran”) is a Lutheran church that includes within its operations a preschool and daycare center known as the Learning Center. See Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Pauley, 788 F.3d 779,...
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On January 27, 2017, President Donald Trump issued Executive Order 13769 (“EO-1”), which placed significant immigration restrictions on foreign nationals from seven Muslim-majority countries. Hawaii v. Trump, 878 F.3d 662 (9th Cir. 2017). EO-1, whose...
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In 2003, Congress passed the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (the “Leadership Act”), codified at 22 U.S.C. § 7601, which authorized funding for nongovernmental organizations that fight HIV/AIDS and other...