This case is a combination of appeals from United States Courts of Appeals for the Seventh, Ninth, and Third Circuits. The facts from each case are substantially similar.
Congress enacted the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) in...
establishment clause
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In 1997, the Arizona Legislature approved the Arizona Tuition Tax Credit, Section 1089 of which permits individuals to claim income tax credit in return for contributions to school tuition organizations ("STOs"). See Brief for Petitioner Gale Garriott...
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Maine’s constitution mandates the state legislature to require towns to provide “support and maintenance” of public schools at the towns’ own expenses. Carson v. Makin at 25. To do so, the legislature divided the state into 260 school administrative...
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Factual Summary In 2000, Congress passed the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act ("RLUIPA"), which, in relevant part required that no government shall impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person residing in or...
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In 2015, the Montana State Legislature (the “Legislature”) established a Tax Credit Program wherein a taxpayer could receive dollar-for-dollar tax credit up to $150 for the taxpayer’s donations to a Student Scholarship Organization (“SSO”) in Montana....
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Catholic Social Services (“CSS”) was established in 1797 in Philadelphia (“the City”), Pennsylvania as a religious non-profit foster care service. Fulton v. City of Philadelphia at 12. Although affiliated with the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, CSS is...
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In May, 1999, federal customs officials seized goods labeled “tea extract” en route to Sante Fe, New Mexico, to Jeffrey Bronfman, President of the United States Chapter of a Brazilian religious group known as O Centro Espirita Beneficiente Uniao Do...
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In 2004, the Freedom from Religion Foundation (“the Foundation”), represented by three taxpayer plaintiffs, filed suit in Federal District Court, challenging part of President Bush’s Faith Based and Community Initiatives (“FBCI”) plan. See Freedom from...
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Joseph A. Kennedy (“Kennedy”) is a practicing Christian who served as a football coach at Bremerton High School in Bremerton, Washington, from 2008 to 2015. Kennedy v. Bremerton School District, at 1010.
Since the start of his employment,...
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The Mojave National Preserve and the Cross
In 1934, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (“VFW”) erected a Latin cross atop Sunrise Rock on the north side of Cima Road in southeastern California. See Buono v. Norton, 212 F.Supp.2d 1202, 1205 (C.D. Cal. 2002)....